Inorganic All-Solid-State Sodium Batteries: Electrolyte Designing and Interface Engineering.

Inorganic all-solid-state sodium batteries (IASSSBs) are emerged as promising candidates to replace commercial lithium-ion batteries in large-scale energy storage systems due to their potential advantages, such as abundant raw materials, robust safety, low price, high-energy density, favorable reliability and stability. Inorganic sodium solid electrolytes (ISSEs) are an indispensable component of IASSSBs, gaining significant attention. Herein, this review begins by discussing the fundamentals of ISSEs, including their ionic conductivity, mechanical property, chemical and electrochemical stabilities. It then presents the crystal structures of advanced ISSEs (e.g., ß/ß''-alumina, NASICON, sulfides, complex hydride and halide electrolytes) and the related issues, along with corresponding modification strategies. The review also outlines effective approaches for forming intimate interfaces between ISSEs and working electrodes. Finally, current challenges and critical perspectives for the potential developments and possible directions to improve interfacial contacts for future practical applications of ISSEs are highlighted. This comprehensive review aims to advance the understanding and development of next-generation rechargeable IASSSBs.

Degradative solvent extraction of cyanobacteria: From reaction kinetics to potential organic matter evolution mechanism.

This study proposed a new continuous lumped reaction kinetics model to accurately reveal the control mechanism of cyanobacteria at each stage of degradative solvent extraction and discussed the potential evolution mechanism of organic matter. Results showed that degradation solvent extraction successfully separated nitrogen and phosphorus from cyanobacteria. The solute has high carbon and volatile contents, is almost ash-free, and forms a phosphorus-rich residue. The lowest fitting degree of the continuous lumped reaction model kinetics was 94.5%, suggesting that this model worked well. The depolymerization of the residue dominated between 200 and 350 °C, whereas solute decomposition dominated at 400 °C. Nitrogen-containing compounds, which originate from protein decarboxylation or deamination to generate amides, are the main components of the solute, and amino acids react with reducing sugars to generate nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, which are useful for preparing nitrogen-containing chemicals.

Dried sludge reburning blended with calcium magnesium acetate addition in a fluidized bed combustor.

The combustion and pollutant emission characteristics of the dried sludge in a fluidized bed combustor (FBC) were studied. The sludge reburning technology was employed for the first time in FBC. A scheme for using the dried sludge reburning blended with calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) to reduce pollutants simultaneously was also proposed, and the effect of the CMA addition was investigated. Results showed that fluidized bed reburning technology can be used to effectively treat the sewage sludge with lower calorific values. As the secondary fuel mass percentage increases, the unburned carbon content in fly ash and the CO emission increase, resulting in lower combustion efficiency. However, the de-NO ratio increases from 37.1% to 53.7%, and the de-SO2 ratio only increased from 1.6% to 7.6% as the secondary fuel mass percentage increase from 10% of 25%. For dried sludge blended with CMA, the minimum emissions of SO2 and NO significantly decrease to 254 mg/Nm3 and 70.9 mg/Nm3 at Ca/S ratio of 2, respectively. Results of main gaseous pollutant emissions from the sludge combustion in an FBC using different pollutant removal methods were compared under well-defined conditions. Fuel reburning blended with CMA addition has the smallest SO2 and NO emissions.